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Neoclassical realism is specifically intended as a theory of foreign policy, unlike structural realism which is designed as a theory of international politics.5 Whereas structural realism focuses on the outcomes of interactions between states, neoclassical realism attempts to explain the foreign policy choices of a particular state.
To be clear, neoclassical realism is not necessarily in conflict with structural realism.
Rather, it is aimed at explaining a different dependent variable - a specific state's foreign policy - rather than a pattern of international interactions.6 As has been observed repeatedly, structural realism does not deny that domestic level variables matter.
Short-term aberrations by individual states are not a matter of concern for structural realism as long as the long-term patterns conform to predictions centered on power.
Accordingly, neoclassical realism accepts structural realism's emphasis on power, but looks to domestic characteristics to understand the specifics of short-term policies.8 Consideration of domestic level variables does not remove neoclassical realism from the realist family of models.9 Classical realism has long pointed to domestic factors as having a major influence on international behavior.10 Structural realism's identification of the anarchic international structure, rather than human nature, as the motivation for states' pursuit of power resulted in liberalism's domination of domestic-level explanations in the 1980s and 1990s.
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